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In surface mining, the ground covering the coal seam (the overburden) is first removed to expose the coal seam for extraction. The elements of a surface mining operation are (1) topsoil removal and storage for later use, (2) drilling and blasting the strata overlying the coal seam, (3) loading and transporting this fragmented overburden material (called spoil), (4) drilling and blasting the ...
Feb 07, 1989· I claim: 1. A process for the agglomeration of coal fines comprising (a) producing a mixture which consists essentially of (i) coal fines, (ii) a phenol-formaldehyde resole resin in alkaline aqueous solution, and (iii) a curing agent for the resin, the curing agent being at least one ester selected from the group consisting of esters of polyhydric alcohols, carbonate esters and lactones, (b ...
Process for the agglomeration of coal fines characterized by the staged addition of an aqueous emulsion of an oil fraction to an aqueous slurry of the fines.
Fine coal may be separated from an aqueous suspension of coal and mineral particles through the application of a pure oil. The pure oil preferentially wets and agglomerates only the coal, forming a high quality, granular product. ... The application of this emulsion in the agglomeration process led to a 10-fold reduction in the organic liquid ...
The process of fine coal agglomeration is a beneficiation technique that uses an organic liquid, such as, diesel, to agglomerate fine coal from an aqueous suspension of coal and mineral particles. The organic binding liquid is dispersed in the aqueous suspension through the application of agitation and selectively wets and agglomerates the ...
A method of preparing agglomerates of ultra-fine coal particles includes mixing a film forming agglomeration aid (FFAA) with a quantity of ultra-fine coal particles to form ultra-fine coal particles coated with the FFAA. The FFAA has a lower surface energy relative to a surface of the ultra-fine coal particles. The FFAA is mixed with the ultra-fine coal particles in an amount less than 3% by ...
Oct 12, 2016· The clean coal, resulting from this cleaning process, is a good grade product which may be valued as a good fuel source for any coal fired utility. KEYWORDS: Agglomeration, beneficiation, diesel oil, Lakhra coal, proximate analysis
A low-rank coal oil agglomeration process is described. High mineral content, a high ash content subbituminous coals are effectively agglomerated with a bridging oil which is partially water soluble and capable of entering the pore structure, and is usually coal-derived.
ardous and difficult to process, with good process-ing they have shown that they can be useful. Coal fines agglomeration is not a new concept; it has been around for at least a century (River Energy SA, 2013). Agglomeration involves apply-ing pressure onto small coal particles, with or with-out the addition of a binder, to form compressed or
Agglomeration is a process in which a liquid immiscible in water is used to "bridge" hydrophobic (oleophilic) coal particles while leaving the mineral matter particles dispersed in the aqueous medium.
Jun 01, 2016· The main factor which influences the economic viability of a fine coal agglomeration process is the cost of the pure oil binder. For a successful agglomeration process a dosage of 10–20 wt% is required (Garcia et al., 1995, Mehrotra et al., 1983, Swanson et al., 1977). The exact dosage is, of course, dependent upon the characteristics of the ...
Agglomeration Process: In recent years there has been a huge interest in caking coal slurries; the simplest solution has appeared to be the agglomeration process. In cases where a high mechanical strength of grain agglomerates or their specific shape is not required, it is sufficient to intensely mix the feed to cause formation, merging and ...
The agglomeration process becomes more economically at- tractive when designed for low oil-to-coal ratios; however, there is also a corre- sponding decrease in coal recovery efficiency and product quality. Recovery and reuse of the oil would allow the agglomeration process to operate at higher oil consumption levels with greater coal recovery ...
The mineral sulphur components can be removed or reduced by commercial methods of coal washing, flotation and agglomeration. A number of chemical desulphurization for the removal of, both, pyritic ...
coal sample by the oil agglomeration process. Table 1: Results of proximate analysis and ultimate analysis (particle sizes of waste coal: <75 m). 2.2 Experiment of oil agglomeration for coal cleaning Schematic diagram of a procedure of oil agglomeration is given in figure 2, and experimental conditions are shown in table 2.
Heap leaching, a process by which metals such as gold and copper are recovered from ore, has long been a method of choice in ore beneficiation, with applications growing all the time.. While this process has proven to be efficient, often chosen for its cost-effectiveness, the efficiency of the heap leaching process can be further improved through the addition of an agglomeration drum.
Sep 23, 2014· A high internal phase (HIP) water-in-oil emulsion was used as the binder in the selective agglomeration of fine coal from an aqueous suspension of coal and mineral particles. Traditionally, this agglomeration is achieved by a pure oil, hydrophobic, binder. However, the high cost associated with using pure oil makes the process economically unfeasible.
The coal gold agglomeration (CGA) process is a novel gold recovering technique, which has following advantages. Studies on gold recovery from amalgamation tailings by CGA process shows that about 88% gold can be captured by coal-oil agglomeration and the gross gold recovery is more than 85%.
Dec 28, 2015· Fig 1 Agglomeration processes. Briquetting is the simplest and earliest applied process. Fine grained iron ores are pressed in to pillow shaped briquettes with the addition of some water or some other binder under high mechanical compressive pressure.
agglomeration has thus far proven to be an ideal solution to a unique problem. In several industries in which agglomeration is used to recover and recycle valuable fines, pelletizing systems eventually pay for themselves. At Pennsylvania Power, the Ampel system also is cost-effective, although the recycling aspect of coal recovery is small.
the Coal Gold Agglomeration (CGA) process, which is an alternative to existing gold processing methods, such as cyanidation and mercury amalgamation. The CGA process was developed and patented by the British Petroleum (BP) research team in the .
Kingston coal showed better performance in the FBC process than Lochiel coal. The ash layer formed from FBC of Kingston coal was found to be less sticky than that formed by Lochiel coal, resulting in longer defluidization times for Kingston coal than for Lochiel coal when no clay additives were used.
The oil agglomeration process is a coal cleaning method used for differences of surface characteristics between carbonaceous and ash content [2]. Hydrophobic oil which is an aggregating agent selectively attaches to hydrophobic carbonaceous content and forms the agglomerate. From the difference of .
This paper presents an extensive review of the coal agglomeration process, including oil agglomeration theory, characterization methods of coal hydrophobicity, and the .
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